![]() ![]() Of the heap, bald man fallacy) – improperly rejecting a claim for being (fallacy of the beard, line-drawing fallacy, sorites fallacy, fallacy Circular cause and consequence – where the consequence of the phenomenon is claimed to be its root cause.Circular reasoning – when the reasoner begins with what he or she is trying to end up with.(shifting the) Burden of proof (see – onus probandi) – I need not prove my claim, you must prove it is false.Begging the question ( petitio principii) – the failure to provide what is essentially the conclusion of an argument as a premise, if so required.Argumentum verbosium – See Proof by verbosity, below.Argument from silence ( argumentum e silentio) – where the conclusion is based on the absence of evidence, rather than the existence of evidence.Argument from repetition ( argumentum ad nauseam) – signifies that it has been discussed extensively until nobody cares to discuss it anymore.Argument from (personal) incredulity (divine fallacy, appeal toĬommon sense) – I cannot imagine how this could be true, therefore it.Argument from ignorance (appeal to ignorance, argumentum ad ignorantiam) – assuming that a claim is true (or false) because it has not been proven false (true) or cannot be proven false (true).(formal) flaws and which usually require examination of the argument's – arguments that are fallacious for reasons other than structural Fallacy of the undistributed middle – the middle term in a categorical syllogism is not distributed.Negative conclusion from affirmative premises (illicit affirmative) – when a categorical syllogism has a negative conclusion but affirmative premises.– a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its minor term is notĭistributed in the minor premise but distributed in the conclusion. Illicit major – a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its major term is not distributed in the major premise but distributed in the conclusion.Fallacy of four terms ( quaternio terminorum) – a categorical syllogism that has four terms.Fallacy of exclusive premises – a categorical syllogism that is invalid because both of its premises are negative.Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise (illicit negative) – when a categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but at least one negative premise.Syllogistic fallacies – logical fallacies that occur in syllogisms. Existential fallacy – an argument has a universal premise and a particular conclusion.Of the premises are in contradiction to the quantifier of the Ī quantification fallacy is an error in logic where the quantifiers Denying the antecedent – the consequent in an indicative conditional is claimed to be false because the antecedent is false if A, then B not A, therefore not B.Affirming the consequent – the antecedent in an indicative conditional is claimed to be true because the consequent is true if A, then B B, therefore A.Affirming a disjunct – concluded that one disjunct of a logical disjunction must be false because the other disjunct is true A or B A therefore not B.Of those logical connectives, and hence, which are not logically Involve inferences whose correctness is not guaranteed by the behavior Its constituent parts must satisfy the relevant logical connectives For a compound proposition to be true, the truth values of Ī propositional fallacy is an error in logic that concerns compound Masked man fallacy (illicit substitution of identicals) – the substitution of identical designators in a true statement can lead to a false one.– assumption that an outcome simultaneously satisfying multipleĬonditions is more probable than an outcome satisfying a single one of Base rate fallacy – making a probability judgement based on conditional probabilities, without taking into account the effect of prior probabilities.Argument from fallacy – assumes that if an argument for some conclusion is fallacious, then the conclusion itself is false.Appeal to probability – takes something for granted because it would probably be the case (or might be the case).All formal fallacies are specific types of non sequiturs. 3 Conditional or questionable fallaciesĪ formal fallacy is an error in logic that can be seen in the argument's form. ![]()
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